September 21, 2013
\documentclass[10pt]{article} % for smallper page \usepackage[papersize={4.2in, 1.4in}, text={4in, 1.3in}]{geometry} % for fancy math \usepackage{amsmath} % rank operator \DeclareMathOperator*{\rank}{rank} % Matrix transpose \newcommand{\trans}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^\top}} % for extra space at the end of abbreviation \usepackage{xspace} % positive semi-definite \newcommand{\psd}{\textsc{psd}\xspace} % boldface uppercase letters for matrices \newcommand{\Abf}{\ensuremath{\mathbf A}} \newcommand{\Bbf}{\ensuremath{\mathbf B}} % boldface lowercase letters for vectors \newcommand{\xbf}{\ensuremath{\mathbf x}} % for math blackboard font \usepackage{amssymb} % set of real numbers \newcommand{\Rbb}{\ensuremath{\mathbb R}} \usepackage{palatino} \usepackage[sc]{mathpazo} \begin{document} \noindent For any real symmetric matrcies $\Abf$ such that $\rank(\Abf_{n\times n})=r$, the following statements are equivalent and any one of them can serve as the definition of \emph{positive semi-definite} (\psd) matrices. \begin{itemize} \item $\trans\xbf \Abf\xbf \geq 0$ for any non-zero vector $\xbf\in\Rbb^{n\times 1}$. \hfill\refstepcounter{equation}\textup{(\theequation)}% \item All the $n$ eigenvalues of $\Abf$ are non-negative. \hfill\refstepcounter{equation}\textup{(\theequation)}% \item $\Abf=\trans\Bbf \Bbf$ for some $\Bbf$ with $\rank(\Bbf)=r$. \hfill\refstepcounter{equation}\textup{(\theequation)}% \end{itemize} \end{document}
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